Mark S. Hoddle and colleagues warn that the invasive cotton seed bug is becoming a significant threat to California cotton production because it feeds on seeds, reducing yield, seed quality, and germination rates. The pest, originally from Africa and the Mediterranean region, has established populations in several Southern California counties and could spread into major cotton-growing areas. Hoddle notes that the insect is difficult to control because it hides inside cotton balls and seed pods, where it is protected from many treatments. The article also highlights concerns about pesticide resistance and recommends integrated pest management strategies, including sanitation, monitoring, and careful insecticide use. In addition, Hoddle warns that another invasive pest, the cotton jassid, is spreading in the Unites States and could further increase pressure on cotton growers.